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Sensors

A process monitoring Sensor groups, expertise library, and neural network to automatically determine and correct process parameters such as cutting speed, depth and rate. Certainly, intelligent CNC machines also have motion control units that include position sensors, rotary encoders, proximity switches, current sensors and pressure sensors to work with process monitoring sensor group and achieve powerful function

list of sensors and actuators can be used in a CNC machine:

Proximity Sensor :

In the latest CNC machining centers, Inductive sensors are the components of choice for monitoring the motor spindle clamping process. Integrated into the spindle, they must be exceptionally small and offer high repeatability to ensure smooth tool changing at all times.

  • One example is the inductive proximity sensor IFRM 03 with a diameter of only 3 mm. It is available in various lengths starting at a mere 12 mm.

  • another one is TL-W3MB1 Inductive Proximity Sensor, TL-W Series, Flat, 3mm, PNP, 10 V to 30 V.

Vibration Sensor:

A MEMS sensor has been installed on a CNC machine with Fanuc controller to measure vibrations for maintenance purposes. PulseNG is a permanently installed diagnostic tool. After the installation of the sensor, it will be connected to the IBU-NG interface, which is housing of the electronic board via cable that will later be connected to the PLC controller of the machine to work simultaneously.

  • The piezo sensor Maropass VA-3D measures the accelerations of up to three axes.

RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors):

Among different types of temparature sensors, RTDs detect temperature of the work-piece and cutting tools so as to realize thermal shielding in order to reduce thermal deformation.

Angle Encoder:

Angle encoders measure the rotational relationship between two parts with extreme precision, typically of an accuracy better than ±10″ (arcseconds). These extreme levels of precision make angle encoders important in the development of multi-axis centers.

  • HEIDENHAIN offers angle encoders with accuracy down to ± .04″ (arcseconds).

Rotary Encoders :

While angle encoders excel at positioning, rotary encoders are often more suited for speed control. In the machine tool industry, this makes them ideal for monitoring spindle rotation per minute (RPM)

  • Mechanical rotary encoders are common mainly because they are so cheap and easy to implement. However, the necessity of metal components coming into contact with each other at rapid speeds will inevitably result in mechanical wear.

  • optical rotary encoders is that they are highly versatile and customizable However, the components of optical rotary encoders are a bit fragile, making them unsuitable for highly rugged applications

  • Magnetic encoders are exceptionally suitable for tracking the speed of rotating shafts and disks. However, they cannot be used to generate data for absolute positioning. This severely limits the use cases for a magnetic encoder.

All of these cases, a rotary encoder is typically more suitable as a means for speed control. Control of spindle rotation plays many critical roles, such as in optimizing the machining process with due consideration of energy consumption and tool wear.

Limitations:

In CNC machine monitoring case study, variety of conditions such as good/bad, wear or no wear, trend of wear of machine components, ball screws, linear guides, spindle, bearing etc. dedicated to the tool crashes.